Basic Principles of Agreement. Examples: You were invited to come. 5. Being verbs like ‘was/were’ should be used instead of ’be’ in the past tense, and ‘is/am/are’ in the present tense. Group nouns can be considered as individual … It takes more than a username and password to hack someone's account. Figure 9.1 shows what is often called “verb agreement” in the literature. Here are some special cases for subject-verb agreement in English: Always Singular. These clothes are too small for me. Subject. 104 Followers. In addition, spatial agreement can also show how far away something is. Proceedings of LFG12; CSLI Publications On-line. 1 – Singular and plural verbs. This morning was a normal day.Writing in English: Glossing in ASL: TODAY MORNING SAME + + Glossing in ASL Example 6 T Raise eyebrows for this morning, the topic. For example, verbs of communication, such as PHONE or FAX, involve two human participants, as do verbs of transfer, and also the act of communication. MCC Homepage. Basic Rule. If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular, for example, The dog drinks water every day. BSL Video. Happy Signing! and the object (the person receiving the action) in the movement of the sign. Temporal aspect in ASL refers to a verb is expressed over time. These structures entail basic sentence structure, manual and non-manual negation, and agreement inflections for a subset of ASL verbs. For example, to show a right turn, while pointing to the right, you would tilt your head to the left as if you were looking around the corner to the right. If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too. Agreement Verbs in Turkish Sign Language (TİD) –Turkish Bimodal Bilingualism. Spatial verbs These include verbs of movement and location and are sometimes called ‘classifier verbs’. Neidle et al. In addition to the explanations on this page, also see the post on Subject—Verb Agreement. Subject–Verb Agreement Rules. In American Sign Language: A Teacher's Resource Text on Grammar and Culture. For example, the ASL verb understand is a plain verb that the signer cannot inflect it in a sentence. 4 Ratings. You are asked to clean the room. sign language verb agreement Object agreement “stronger” than subject agreement Restricted to one sub-class of verbs Verbs of transfer (Meir 2002) Not obligatory ... ‘Body as Subject’: examples Verbs of saying: SAY, ASK, ANSWER, EXPLAIN, SHOUT Mouth = the mouth of the agent argument Change-of-state verbs: BLUSH, GET-WELL, We will now argue that some gestural verbs in spoken language can display something like object agreement markers, and that these too can be disregarded under ellipsis and only.Since the antecedents of these object agreement markers is non-gestural, these examples are particularly similar to sign language examples (discussed in (10)) in which the antecedents … There are many agreement verbs in ASL, and there are also plain verbs (i.e., ... For example, we know that some ASL users are raised in deaf families as native users of the language, whereas many are raised in hearing families in which ASL may not be used. To make a noun plural, we usually add s, but adding s to a verb makes it third-person singular. 1 – Singular and plural verbs. I discuss person and number hierarchy in ASL. ... retain that tense without modifying them. These verbs may have some, but not all, attributes of transmission verbs in common. Some examples: ASK-TO LOOK-AT BLAME- HELP-GIVE-TO INVITE-PICK-ON TOUCH-SHOW- SAY-NO-TO In some languages (e.B. Sign languages may be influenced to various degrees by the dominant spoken language where they are used (like minority languages generally are), but their core structures are always very different. Çocuk kalem-i düş-ür-düchild.NOM pencil-ACC fall-CAUS-PST.3SG‘The child dropped/made fall the pencil’ However, sign languages have been known to manifest aspects of event representations and logical form overtly in the phonological form of signs [].For example, pointing signs in sign languages have been analyzed as the overt manifestations of referential … Verb must agree with subjects in figures and in person. Sign languages may be influenced to various degrees by the dominant spoken language where they are used (like minority languages generally are), but their core structures are always very different. In ASL, the same sentence would be expressed using a third dimension, space, via directional verbs (also known as agreement verbs). A singular verb is a verb that describes the action or state of one person or thing (such as is, has, talks, etc.). ASL and ISL), these signs have become agreement verbs. Temporal aspect in ASL refers to a verb is expressed over time. Despite the numerous analyses about the linguistic status of verb agreement, there is little discussion about the argument structure associated with “directional verbs,” also known as agreeing/agreement or indicating verbs. This morning was a normal day.Writing in English: Glossing in ASL: TODAY MORNING SAME + + Glossing in ASL Example 6 T Raise eyebrows for this morning, the topic. Chapter 13. Improving Spatial Structuring - Verbs. In English, on the other hand, each term must be adapted to maintain tense agreement. Unit 5. 4. Example: She writes every day. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. As you trace a route, your eye gaze should follow that route to look at the places you describe. In all of the examples, the subject and verb are connected and cannot have signs appear between them - this is signified by a line between the subject and verb (_). In American Sign Language: A Teacher's Resource Text on Grammar and Culture. Regular and upside-down verbs in Libras: outline of a syntactic derivative. 8 The ASL verb agreement is an inflectional process rather than a process of cliticization, at least using the morphological criteria of Zwicky and Pullum (1983). Sign Language of the Netherlands, Coerts, 2000, and ASL, Pichler, 2002). Exceptions to the Basic rule: a. The movement of the sign indicates the subject and the object of the verb. If something is very far away, this can be shown when pointing at it by arcing the motion of your hand with your index finger extended, moving forward in a slow motion and … For example, an addressee may be taken on a mental tour of an environment, as in this example from Linde and Labov's study of New Yorker's de Directional Verbs AKA Inflecting Verbs or Indicating Verbs. + + means repeat the sign 'same'. If A Noun Is Placed Next To The Signer, The Signer Can Use That Place As A … 40. ... , where there was no change in either of these for the activity agreement verb ACCUSE in Example 5a). When giving directions or showing the location of an object, it's important to use certain non-manual behaviors to show relative distance, trace the actual route to follow, and show the direction of turns. ... Bimodal bilingualism: Code-blending between spoken English and American Sign Language. The main aim of agreement verbs is to tell us “who” did the action and to whom it happened. For example, the sign PUT-up is a spatial verb ... Another name for this concept is "agreement verbs." Originally Answered: Does sign language (ASL) have the same grammatical rules as spoken English? No, ASL and English are completely separate languages, and as such have very different grammars. For example, English relies on Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) sentence structure, while ASL more frequently uses Topic-Comment structure. MCC Homepage. - One sows, another reaps. the open 'a' as in behind ! Verb Agreement and Distribution - ASL Texts Learners can practice tracking verbs in ASL messages by creating spatial maps. The verb LOVE is a "plain" verb. In (1a), the verb . Examples: You sing so well. ASL verb classes and agreement. Shenk, C., & Cokely, D. (1991). It's not a panacea, but it's a start. Subjects and verbs must agree in number. Plain Verbs: LOVE LIKE (and many more) Agreement verbs: HELP SHOW LOOK say-NO-to HATE TEACH HIT (and many more) Spatial / Locative Verbs: [Where you do the sign indicates where the action is taking place. During a 2-year period, 14 novel learners of Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT) with a spoken language background performed an elicitation task 15 times. I understand the assignment. Family background may help us understand the variation we observe. Group nouns can be considered as a single unit, and, thus, take a singular verb. Now, on the other hand, see this example, Dogs drink water every day. For instance: Amy was being cynical. Group nouns can be considered as a single unit, and, thus, take a singular verb. Now, on the other hand, see this example, Dogs drink water every day. In the present tense for example, singular nouns and plural nouns each require a different verb form. Being verbs like ‘was/were’ should be used instead of ’be’ in the past tense, and ‘is/am/are’ in the present tense. and the object (the person receiving the action) in the movement of the sign. During a 2-year period, 14 novel learners of Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT) with a spoken language background performed an elicitation task 15 times. American Sign Language and from the emergence of new sign languages that person agreement and locative agreement have a different status in these conditions and we claim their ... An example of a person-agreeing verb is given in (1a), and a spatial verb in (1b) 2. This guide enhances general interpreting skills by exploring spatial mapping of verbs and providing activities to improve verb agreement and distribution. Shenk, C., & Cokely, D. (1991). They do this by using an element of motion that indicates one or more referents (see post on Setting Up People, Places, and Things for more on referents). 1000 East Henrietta Road Rochester, New York 14623 Phone: 585.292.2000. The movement of the sign indicates the subject and the object of the verb. ... , where there was no change in either of these for the activity agreement verb ACCUSE in Example 5a). You will also see the structure “Time” + “Subject” + “Verb” + “Object”, or “Time” can be at the end of a sentence. Hint: Be careful! Exception: When using the singular "they," use plural verb forms. * * These verbs are inflected to show who did what to whom by incorporating the subject (the person doing the action) . One verb type in ASL is called agreement verbs. agreement ; compromise; covenant; in accord; in agreement; mutual (as in "agreement") pact Singular subject => singular verb Plural subject => plural verb A singular noun is a noun that refers to one person or thing (such as kid, chair, bus, etc.). In American Sign Language parts of speech look different than in a spoken language. (2000) claim that all verb types in American Sign Language (agreeing, spatial, and plain) can occur with abstract syntactic agreement for subject and object. Verb agreement is a topic that has received much attention in the sign language literature. Some examples: ASK-TO LOOK-AT BLAME- HELP-GIVE-TO INVITE-PICK-ON TOUCH-SHOW- SAY-NO-TO For example, an addressee may be taken on a mental tour of an environment, as in this example from Linde and Labov's study of New Yorker's de Çocuk kalem-i düş-ür-düchild.NOM pencil-ACC fall-CAUS-PST.3SG‘The child dropped/made fall the pencil’ However, sign languages have been known to manifest aspects of event representations and logical form overtly in the phonological form of signs [].For example, pointing signs in sign languages have been analyzed as the overt manifestations of referential … I discuss person and number hierarchy in ASL. This dissertation investigated the grammatical use of eye gaze in American Sign Language (ASL) in three experiments, all of which make use of head-mounted eye-tracking technology. (at least in formal written English) - All's well that ends well. When the verb is moved away from the signer (a), it means I ask you; when it is moved toward the signer (b), it means you ask me. One verb type in ASL is called agreement verbs. Washington, D.C.: Clerc Books, Gallaudet University Press. Here are just a three examples of handshapes: ! Here are some examples of subject-verb agreement in singular subjects and verbs (the subject is bolded and the verb underlined): My dog waits for the postal carrier. View/Add Comments (0 comments) Sign Language of the Netherlands, Coerts, 2000, and ASL, Pichler, 2002). If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too. It's not a panacea, but it's a start. This paper proposes a usage-based approach for … + + means repeat the sign 'same'. 41. Signing in Space In English: 3 Words Kinda Like Russian AS Long As All The Words Are There The Other Person Will Get It. verbs in ASL are used to show who is doing what to whom (subjects & objects) or to show movement from one location to another. Spatial discourse-talking about space-usually involves adopting a particular perspective on the scene or environment being described. English: "I love books." Now, if I said I will help you, it would look like this – HELP YOU . Some signs can show by their movement “who did what to whom”. A directional verb is a sign that includes the subject, verb and object in one movement. By Karen Emmorey. The rules of agreement between the subject and the verb remain the same despite the change in order. the verb fills; the phrase with its many work stations… has nothing to do with the verb.] That is, the verb agrees with its subject by having the appropriate ending. Directional/agreement . The verb LOVE is a "plain" verb. In all of the examples, the subject and verb are connected and cannot have signs appear between them - this is signified by a line between the subject and verb (_). However time … Finally let's consider agreement morphology on verbs in a sign language. Introduction. Group nouns can be considered as individual … Know what the difference in location is for past, present, and future, and be able to provide two examples for each (pages 235-236). Unit 5. Resources that include ASL and English narratives are provided below. Agreement of Nouns and Verbs. Subject–Verb Agreement Rules. 9. ASL 203--American Sign Language III ASL 204--American Sign Language IV. ASL 203--American Sign Language III ASL 204--American Sign Language IV. Restaurant ! Exception: When using the singular "they," use plural verb forms. A directional verb allows the signer to change the subject and object by changing the direction of the verb. Just to scrape the surface just barely, here are … Agreement verbs are among the Deaf child's earliest attempt to use morphological markers (inflections). A singular subject ( she, Bill, car) takes a singular verb ( is, goes, shines ), whereas a plural subject takes a plural verb. Research on sign languages has shown that subject agreement is more marked than objectagreement, that is, if verbs have only one slot for agreement this will be for object agreement,subject agreement being optional if there are two slots, while object agreement is not (becausethis observation holds of the sign languages studied, Rathmann and Mathur [2002: 372] … For example, “sing” is changed to “sang, singing, or will sing.” ... Nouns/Verbs. 2.3. Spatial discourse-talking about space-usually involves adopting a particular perspective on the scene or environment being described. In ASL discourse, the subject and object are often shown through modulations to the verb - mostly in the handshape or location parameters. verbs in ASL are used to show who is doing what to whom (subjects & objects) or to show movement from one location to another. the verb fills; the phrase with its many work stations… has nothing to do with the verb.] The subject and object of a sentence refer to what performs the verb, and what was affected by the verb. Family background may help us understand the variation we observe. Verb Agreement of ASL did you get it? View/Add Comments (0 comments) There are three verb classes in ASL: agreeing verbs, spatial verbs and plain verbs (Padden, Reference Padden 1988). Learners can practice tracking verbs in ASL messages by creating spatial maps. #16. However time … This paper is concerned with the special nature of sign language verbs, in particular to this research, Irish Sign Language verbs. For your information, in each sentence, the group of (black) bold word (s) is the subject and the group of remaining word (s) is the predicate. As you trace a route, your eye gaze should follow that route to look at the places you describe. For example, the ASL verb understand is a plain verb that the signer cannot inflect it in a sentence. Verb Preceding the Subject It is possible for a verb to come before a subject in a sentence. Nouns must agree with their verbs, which means that a singular noun requires a singular verb, and a plural noun requires a plural verb. C. Donati, C. Branchini (2012). Peter likes vegetables. 2. Directional/agreement . These verbs do just what the term suggests; they show directionality. Improving Spatial Structuring - Verbs. ASL verb classes and agreement. Research on sign languages has shown that subject agreement is more marked than objectagreement, that is, if verbs have only one slot for agreement this will be for object agreement,subject agreement being optional if there are two slots, while object agreement is not (becausethis observation holds of the sign languages studied, Rathmann and Mathur [2002: 372] … This paper analyzes person and number agreement within the HPSG framework. What is an agreement verb in ASL? Other directional verbs include borrow, give, see, pay, invite, help, send, and bite. See Lillo-Martin (1985). For example, your credentials for the account you signed in with are verified. The following verbs are some examples that can be modulated to contain the information about the subject and the object. There are three verb classes in ASL: agreeing verbs, spatial verbs and plain verbs (Padden, Reference Padden 1988). 1. By Karen Emmorey. They require the signer to specify the subject and the object (e.g. C. Donati, C. Branchini (2012). Directionality (Directional Verbs): (Also called: "verb agreement") Certain signs can show "who did what to whom" through their movement. Subjects and verbs must agree in number. If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular, for example, The dog drinks water every day. How to say "Please" in American Sign Language (ASL). "Please" is an important sign to learn to kids when it comes to manners.Make a circular motion with your... Just to scrape the surface just barely, here are … 2015. For instance: Amy was being cynical. Once again, the act of moving the sign gives the meaning of whom is doing what to whom. Verb Preceding the Subject It is possible for a verb to come before a subject in a sentence. The movement of the sign indicates the subject and the object of the verb. Verbs in American Sign LanguagePlain Verbs. Not all ASL verbs can be inflected to indicate the subject and the object in a sentence. They are called "plain verbs".Indicating verbs. The plain verbs are a small set of verbs that cannot be modulated. ...Depicting verbs. Another category of ASL verbs is depicting verbs. Many of these verbs are known as "classifier predicates". 4. Subject-verb agreement examples with noun phrases include:A theory of physics ascertains that a body in motion stays in motion.A virus in all the company’s computers is a real threat to security.The causes of this prevalent disease are bad diet and lack of exercise.The couch and chair I got at the store look really nice in here.The members of the choir are very happy with the performance. In ASL, the same sentence would be expressed using a third dimension, space, via directional verbs (also known as agreement verbs). 1.1 Spatial establishment of arguments In sign languages, verb agreement may be indicated by the use of the grammati- These are also known as Indexical verbs or Verb Agreement. On a sheet of paper, draw a stick-figure of the signer from the waist up [torso], inclusive of torso, Thus, there are three important subject – verb agreement rules to remember when a group noun is used as the subject: 1. Washington, D.C.: Clerc Books, Gallaudet University Press. Abstract. A definitive property specific to the modality of the SL agreement, which is to be mentioned here, is the primacy of the object convention over the subject agreement. Brighton Campus Building 5, Room 434 M - F 8:45am - 4:45pm (585) 292-2024 . 8 The ASL verb agreement is an inflectional process rather than a process of cliticization, at least using the morphological criteria of Zwicky and Pullum (1983). There are many agreement verbs in ASL, and there are also plain verbs (i.e., ... For example, we know that some ASL users are raised in deaf families as native users of the language, whereas many are raised in hearing families in which ASL may not be used. Some directional verbs would include: Give. Contact Information. 2. When giving directions or showing the location of an object, it's important to use certain non-manual behaviors to show relative distance, trace the actual route to follow, and show the direction of turns. 1. This key word is in maroon (bold) and all verbs and helping verbs are underlined. The rules of agreement between the subject and the verb remain the same despite the change in order. Agreement verbs are among the Deaf child's earliest attempt to use morphological markers (inflections). Directional/Indexical signs can be very fun to use and make your message so much clearer when used properly. See Lillo-Martin (1985). "In English, agreement is relatively limited. RULES ON SUBJECT- VERB AGREEMENT. Selçuk İşsever. Also, it is the key word that decides if the verb adds "-s" or not. They have similar meanings in that they all involve some sort of "transfer" of something from one person to another (either real or as a metaphor). are treated as singular. 4. A sentence is composed of Time-Object-Subject-Verb. 1000 East Henrietta Road Rochester, New York 14623 Phone: 585.292.2000. ... retain that tense without modifying them. On this view, abstract agreement can be marked with either manual agreement morphology (verb directed toward locations associated with the subject/object) or The class of agreement verbs, 2 2 Initially, Padden termed this class “inflecting verbs.”Later, Padden adopted the term “agreement verbs” to account for the fact that plain verbs can inflect for aspect.exemplified in the previous paragraph, includes (di)transitive verbs that can mark agreement by changing the movement path and/or orientation of the hand(s) to indicate … Follow. This article reports the results of the first longitudinal study that systematically investigates the acquisition of verb agreement by hearing learners of a sign language. ! Previous Next. Understanding subject-verb agreement can be tricky for kids. Agreement is an important concept in grammar and a source of many writing errors. In this sentence, the ‘dog’ is a singular subject, and ‘drinks’ show singular verb. Verbs indicate their The two signs, taken from American Sign Language (ASL), both describe a person asking another person. Be able to list at least 5 agreement verbs, vocabulary we have learned, etc. Exception: When using the singular "they," use plural verb forms. Download Download PDF. Help your third grader practice this important grammar lesson with our free and printable worksheet, ‘Subject – Verb Agreement’. For example if I do the sign PUT up high, then that means that something is being placed in a high area. Examples of agreement verbs in BSL are: ASK, GIVE, TELL, TELEPHONE, TEASE, CRITICISE, BLAME, FILM (-by-camera) and SAY-NO-TO. Advanced reading, see: "verbs" Certain signs can show "who did what to whom" through their movement. Similarly, verbs of saying, such as TELL, ASK, ANSWER, TELL-A-STORY, and ASL SAY-NO-TO also became agreement verbs. Agreement Verbs in Turkish Sign Language (TİD) –Turkish Bimodal Bilingualism. Directional verbs include the subject and object, 11 providing a good model of the three-dimensional characteristic of ASL. Neidle et al. Despite the numerous analyses about the linguistic status of verb agreement, there is little discussion about the argument structure associated with “directional verbs,” also known as agreeing/agreement or indicating verbs. Abstract. Subject-verb agreement examples with plural subjects and verbs include: Basketballs roll across the floor. Example: She writes every day. They are called "plain verbs". American Sign Language: Directionality Also called: "verb agreement" or "inflecting verbs." We will now argue that some gestural verbs in spoken language can display something like object agreement markers, and that these too can be disregarded under ellipsis and only.Since the antecedents of these object agreement markers is non-gestural, these examples are particularly similar to sign language examples (discussed in (10)) in which the antecedents … This is called subject-verb agreement. Sign language verb agreement LSB and ASL (like most sign languages) have three types of verbs, which vary according to whether or not they are modified to indicate verbal arguments, and if so, which ones. The movement of the sign indicates the subject and object of the verb. Experiment 1 investigates the use of eye gaze to mark verb agreement by native signers of ASL. In English, on the other hand, each term must be adapted to maintain tense agreement. ASL and ISL), these characters became matching verbs. Students read the sentences and then choose the correct verb from the choices given in brackets. Resources that include ASL and English narratives are provided below. 7The notation used for the ASL examples is shown in the Appendix. sign language verb agreement Object agreement “stronger” than subject agreement Restricted to one sub-class of verbs Verbs of transfer (Meir 2002) Not obligatory ... ‘Body as Subject’: examples Verbs of saying: SAY, ASK, ANSWER, EXPLAIN, SHOUT Mouth = the mouth of the agent argument Change-of-state verbs: BLUSH, GET-WELL, Presentation at Formal and Experimental Advances in Sign Language Theory (FEAST 4), Barcelona. ask, blame, borrow-from/loan-to, control, copy, deceive, give, hate, help, inform, ignore, look-at, show, scold, send, summon, tease, pay, tease, tell, ... For example, the indicating verb you-give-hir is a single sign in a ASL sentence [t]book[t] you-give-hir. 41. #16. There has not been analysis on especially number agreement. American Sign Language (ASL) has a group of verbs showing agreement with the subject or/and object argument. It is an instance of inflection, and usually involves making the value of some grammatical category (such as gender or person) "agree" between varied words or parts of the sentence.. For example, in Standard English, one may say I am or he is, but not "I is" or "he … pronouns and nouns) before and/or after the verb. If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too. the 'c' as in class ! ... Bimodal bilingualism: Code-blending between spoken English and American Sign Language. Using Agreement Verbs. In general, the word order follows a “Subject” + “Verb” + “Object” sentence structure. The signer has to specify the subject and the object in a sentence, for example: I understand you. Be able to list at least 5 agreement verbs, vocabulary we have learned, etc. Abstract. Improving Spatial Structuring - Verbs. English: I went to Ireland a year ago. ... ASL Agreement Verbs. (pages 241-242). Hasan Dikyuva. Directional/Indexical signs can be very fun to use and make your message so much clearer when used properly. Once again, the act of moving the sign gives the meaning of whom is doing what to whom. It's not a panacea, but it's a start. ASL: I _ LOVE BOOK (uninflected) ASL: BOOK I _ LOVE (topicalized) The verb HELP is an "indicating" or "directional" verb. These structures entail basic sentence structure, manual and non-manual negation, and agreement inflections for a subset of ASL verbs. On this view, abstract agreement can be marked with either manual agreement morphology (verb directed toward locations associated with the subject/object) or Before addressing the characteristics of sign language agreement markers in Sections 1.4 and 2, the establishment of loci, the realization of verb agreement, and different verb types will be outlined in Sections 1.1–1.3. 2.3. A plural noun is a noun that refers to more than one person or thing. English: "I love books." Spatial Agreement. It takes more than a username and password to hack someone's account. This dissertation investigated the grammatical use of eye gaze in American Sign Language (ASL) in three experiments, all of which make use of head-mounted eye-tracking technology. Contact Information. It occurs between the subject of a clause and a present tense verb, so that, for instance, with a third-person singular subject (e.g. In addition to the explanations on this page, also see the post on Subject—Verb Agreement. In addition to the explanations on this page, also see the post on Subject—Verb Agreement. American Sign Language: Directionality Also called: "verb agreement" or "inflecting verbs." This phenomenon has been noted in many signed languages. Karen Emmorey and Brenda Falgier . Research on sign languages has shown that subject agreement is more marked than objectagreement, that is, if verbs have only one slot for agreement this will be for object agreement,subject agreement being optional if there are two slots, while object agreement is not (becausethis observation holds of the sign languages studied, Rathmann and Mathur [2002: 372] … Verbs that use “grammatical” space to show person and number. For example, your credentials for the account you signed in with are verified. In American Sign Language parts of speech look different than in a spoken language. (2000) claim that all verb types in American Sign Language (agreeing, spatial, and plain) can occur with abstract syntactic agreement for subject and object. They use topographic space, and rather than inflecting for person or number they give Grade Levels. Spatial verbs These include verbs of movement and location and are sometimes called ‘classifier verbs’.
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